Networking concepts (23%)
- OSI model layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application.
- Networking appliances: routers, switches, firewalls, IDS/IPS, load balancers, proxies, NAS, SAN, and wireless devices.
- Cloud concepts: NFV, VPC, network security groups, cloud gateways, deployment models (public, private, hybrid), service models (SaaS, IaaS, PaaS).
- Ports and protocols: FTP, SFTP, SSH, Telnet, SMTP, DNS, DHCP, HTTP, HTTPS, SNMP, LDAP, RDP, SIP.
- Traffic types: unicast, multicast, anycast, broadcast.
- Transmission media: wireless (802.11, cellular, satellite), wired (fiber, coaxial, DAC).
- Transceivers and connectors: SC, LC, ST, MPO, RJ11, RJ45, F-type, BNC.
- Network topologies: mesh, hybrid, star/hub and spoke, spine and leaf, point-to-point, three-tier, and collapsed core.
- IPv4 addressing: public vs. private, APIPA, RFC1918, loopback, subnetting (VLSM, CIDR), and address classes (A, B, C, D, E).