A company has an AWS Site-to-Site VPN connection between AWS and its branch office. A network engineer is troubleshooting connectivity issues that the connection is experiencing. The VPN connection terminates at a transit gateway and is statically routed. In the transit gateway route table, there are several static route entries that target specific subnets at the branch office.
The network engineer determines that the root cause of the issues was the expansion of underlying subnet ranges in the branch office during routine maintenance.
Which solution will solve this problem with the LEAST administrative overhead for future expansion efforts?
A. Determine a supernet for the branch office. In the transit gateway route table, add an aggregate route that targets the VPN attachment. Replace the specific subnet routes in the transit gateway route table with the new supernet route.
B. Create an AWS Direct Connect gateway and a transit VIF. Associate the Direct Connect gateway with the transit gateway. Create a propagation for the Direct Connect attachment to the transit gateway route table.
C. Create a dynamically routed VPN connection on the transit gateway. Connect the dynamically routed VPN connection to the branch office. Create a propagation for the VPN attachment to the transit gateway route table. Remove the existing static VPN connection.
D. Create a prefix list that contains the new subnets and the old subnets for the branch office. Remove the specific subnet routes in the transit gateway route table. Create a prefix list reference in the transit gateway route table.
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A dynamically routed Site-to-Site VPN uses BGP to automatically advertise on-premises prefixes to the transit gateway. With route propagation enabled, newly added or expanded branch office subnets are learned automatically, eliminating the need to manually maintain static routes. An aggregate route (A) only works while all future networks remain within the chosen supernet. Prefix lists (D) still require manual updates. Direct Connect (B) is unrelated to the root cause and adds unnecessary complexity.
Question 115
A company hosts infrastructure services in multiple VPCs across multiple accounts in the us-west-2 Region. The VPC CIDR blocks do not overlap. The company wants to connect the VPCs to its data centers by using AWS Site-to-Site VPN tunnels.
The connections must be encrypted in transit. Additionally, the connection from each data center must route to the closest AWS edge location. The connections must be highly available and must accommodate automatic failover.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
A. Deploy a transit gateway. Share the transit gateway with each of the other accounts by using AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM). Create VPC attachments to the transit gateway from each service account. Add routes to the on-premises subnet in each of the service VPC route tables by using the attachment as the gateway. Create Site-to-Site VPN tunnel attachments with dynamic routing to the transit gateway. Enable the acceleration feature for the Site-to-Site VPN connection. Configure the VPN tunnels on the on-premises equipment. Configure BGP peering.
B. Deploy VPN gateways to each account. Enable the acceleration feature for VPN gateways on each account. Add routes to the on-premises subnet in each of the service VPC route tables. Use the VPNs as the gateway. Configure the VPN tunnels on the on-premises equipment. Configure BGP peering.
C. Deploy a transit gateway. Share the transit gateway with each of the other accounts by using AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM). Create VPC attachments to the transit gateway from each service account. Add routes to the on-premises subnet in each of the service VPC route tables by using the attachment as the gateway. Create Site-to-Site VPN tunnel attachments with dynamic routing to the transit gateway. Enable the acceleration feature for the Site-to-Site VPN connection. Configure the VPN tunnels on the on-premises equipment. Configure static routing.
D. Deploy VPN gateways to each account. Enable the acceleration feature for VPN gateways on each account. Add routes to the on-premises subnet in each of the service VPC route tables. Use the VPNs as the gateway. Configure the VPN tunnels on the on-premises equipment. Configure static routing.
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: A transit gateway is the appropriate hub for connecting multiple VPCs across multiple accounts to on-premises networks. AWS RAM allows sharing the transit gateway across accounts. Site-to-Site VPN with VPN acceleration routes traffic to the nearest AWS edge location while keeping traffic encrypted. Dynamic routing with BGP provides automatic route exchange and failover across redundant VPN tunnels. The options using virtual private gateways do not support VPN acceleration, and static routing does not provide automatic failover.
Question 116
A company has agreed to collaborate with a partner for a research project. The company has multiple VPCs in the us-east-1 Region that use CIDR blocks within 10.10.0.0/16. The VPCs are connected by a transit gateway that is named TGW-C in us-east-1. TGW-C has an Autonomous System Number (ASN) configuration value of 64520.
The partner has multiple VPCs in us-east-1 that use CIDR blocks within 172.16.0.0/16. The VPCs are connected by a transit gateway that is named TGW-P in us-east-1. TGW-P has an ASN configuration value of 64530.
A network engineer needs to establish network connectivity between the company's VPCs and the partner's VPCs in us-east-1.
Which solution will meet these requirements with MINIMUM changes to both networks?
A. Create a new VPC in a new account. Deploy a router from AWS Marketplace. Share TGW-C and TGW-P with the new account by using AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM). Associate TGW-C and TGW-P with the new VPC. Configure the router in the new VPC to route between TGW-C and TGW-P.
B. Create an IPsec VPN connection between TGW-C and TGW-P. Configure the routing between the transit gateways to use the IPsec VPN connection.
C. Configure a cross-account transit gateway peering attachment between TGW-C and TGW-P. Configure the routing between the transit gateways to use the peering attachment.
D. Share TGW-C with the partner account by using AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM). Associate the partner VPCs with TGW-C. Configure routing in the partner VPCs and TGW-C.
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: AWS Transit Gateway supports cross-account peering attachments, including within the same Region. Creating a cross-account transit gateway peering attachment between TGW-C and TGW-P requires minimal changes, preserves each organization's existing transit gateway architecture, and enables routing between the VPCs by updating the transit gateway route tables. An IPsec VPN is unnecessary overhead, sharing a transit gateway would require reattaching the partner VPCs, and deploying a router appliance is more complex than native transit gateway peering.
Question 117
A company has an application that hosts personally identifiable information (PII) of users. All connections to the application must be secured by HTTPS with TLS certificates that implement Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC).
The application uses stateful connections between the web tier and the end users. Multiple instances host the application. A network engineer must implement a solution that offloads TLS connections to a load balancer.
Which load-balancing solution will meet these requirements?
A. Provision a Network Load Balancer. Configure a TLS listener by specifying the use of an ECC SSL certificate that is uploaded to AWS identity and Access Management (IAM). Turn on health checks to monitor the web hosts that connect to the end users.
B. Provision an Application Load Balancer. Configure an HTTPS listener by specifying the use of an ECC SSL certificate that is uploaded to AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). Configure a default action to redirect to the URL for the application. Turn on health checks to monitor the web hosts that connect to the end users.
C. Provision a Network Load Balancer. Configure a TLS listener by specifying the use of an ECC SSL certificate that is uploaded to AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). Turn on application-based session affinity (sticky sessions). Turn on health checks to monitor the web hosts that connect to the end users.
D. Provision an Application Load Balancer. Configure an HTTPS listener by specifying the use of an ECC SSL certificate that is uploaded to AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM). Configure a default action to redirect to the URL for the application. Turn on application-based session affinity (sticky sessions).
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The requirement is to offload TLS, support HTTPS with an ECC certificate, and maintain stateful client connections. An Application Load Balancer supports HTTPS termination and application cookie-based stickiness for stateful sessions. Network Load Balancers with TLS listeners do not support application-based sticky sessions, eliminating options A and C. Between B and D, the differentiator is certificate storage: this exam question reflects the older expectation of using IAM-uploaded ECC certificates, making D the best match in the context of the exam.
Question 118
A company is planning to migrate an internal application to the AWS Cloud. The application will run on Amazon EC2 instances in one VPC. Users will access the application from the company's on-premises data center through AWS VPN or AWS Direct Connect. Users will use private domain names for the application endpoint from a domain name that is reserved explicitly for use in the AWS Cloud.
Each EC2 instance must have automatic failover to another EC2 instance in the same AWS account and the same VPC. A network engineer must design a DNS solution that will not expose the application to the internet.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
A. Assign public IP addresses to the EC2 instances. Create an Amazon Route 53 private hosted zone for the AWS reserved domain name. Associate the private hosted zone with the VPC. Create a Route 53 Resolver outbound endpoint. Configure conditional forwarding in the on-premises DNS resolvers to forward all DNS queries for the AWS domain to the outbound endpoint IP address for Route 53 Resolver. In the private hosted zone, configure primary and failover records that point to the public IP addresses of the EC2 instances. Create an Amazon CloudWatch metric and alarm to monitor the application's health. Set up a health check on the alarm for the primary application endpoint.
B. Place the EC2 instances in private subnets. Create an Amazon Route 53 public hosted zone for the AWS reserved domain name. Associate the public hosted zone with the VPC. Create a Route 53 Resolver inbound endpoint. Configure conditional forwarding in the on-premises DNS resolvers to forward all DNS queries for the AWS domain to the inbound endpoint IP address for Route 53 Resolver. In the public hosted zone, configure primary and failover records that point to the IP addresses of the EC2 instances. Create an Amazon CloudWatch metric and alarm to monitor the application's health. Set up a health check on the alarm for the primary application endpoint.
C. Place the EC2 instances in private subnets. Create an Amazon Route 53 private hosted zone for the AWS reserved domain name. Associate the private hosted zone with the VPCreate a Route 53 Resolver inbound endpoint. Configure conditional forwarding in the on-premises DNS resolvers to forward all DNS queries for the AWS domain to the inbound endpoint IP address for Route 53 Resolver. In the private hosted zone, configure primary and failover records that point to the IP addresses of the EC2 instances. Create an Amazon CloudWatch metric and alarm to monitor the application's health. Set up a health check on the alarm for the primary application endpoint.
D. Place the EC2 instances in private subnets. Create an Amazon Route 53 private hosted zone for the AWS reserved domain name. Associate the private hosted zone with the VPC. Create a Route 53 Resolver inbound endpoint. Configure conditional forwarding in the on-premises DNS resolvers to forward all DNS queries for the AWS domain to the inbound endpoint IP address for Route 53 Resolver. In the private hosted zone, configure primary and failover records that point to the IP addresses of the EC2 instances. Set up Route 53 health checks on the private IP addresses of the EC2 instances.
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The solution requires private-only access, so EC2 instances should be in private subnets with a Route 53 private hosted zone associated with the VPC. On-premises DNS must resolve the private zone through a Route 53 Resolver inbound endpoint with conditional forwarding from the on-premises DNS servers. Route 53 health checkers cannot directly probe private IP addresses from AWS's public health-checking network, so failover for private endpoints is implemented by using a CloudWatch alarm–based health check rather than direct health checks to the private IPs. Options A and B incorrectly use public IPs/public hosted zones, and D relies on direct Route 53 health checks against private IP addresses.
Question 119
A network engineer needs to improve the network security of an existing AWS environment by adding an AWS Network Firewall firewall to control internet-bound traffic. The AWS environment consists of five VPCs. Each VPC has an internet gateway, NAT gateways, public Application Load Balancers (ALBs), and Amazon EC2 instances. The EC2 instances are deployed in private subnets. The architecture is deployed across two Availability Zones.
The network engineer must be able to configure rules for the public IP addresses in the environment, regardless of the direction of traffic. The network engineer must add the firewall by implementing a solution that minimizes changes to the existing production environment. The solution also must ensure high availability.
Which combination of steps should the network engineer take to meet these requirements? (Choose two.)
A. Create a centralized inspection VPC with subnets in two Availability Zones. Deploy Network Firewall in this inspection VPC with an endpoint in each Availability Zone.
B. Configure new subnets in two Availability Zones in each VPC. Deploy Network Firewall in each VPC with an endpoint in each Availability Zone.
C. Deploy Network Firewall in each VPUse existing subnets in each of the two Availability Zones to deploy Network Firewall endpoints.
D. Update the route tables that are associated with the private subnets that host the EC2 instances. Add routes to the Network Firewall endpoints.
E. Update the route tables that are associated with the public subnets that host the NAT gateways and the ALBs. Add routes to the Network Firewall endpoints.
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B, E
Explanation: A distributed AWS Network Firewall deployment fits the existing architecture of independent VPCs without introducing a centralized inspection architecture that would require additional inter-VPC connectivity (typically Transit Gateway). AWS Network Firewall requires dedicated firewall subnets in each Availability Zone, so new subnets must be created in each VPC. To inspect internet-bound and internet-facing traffic, update the route tables for the public subnets that contain the ALBs and NAT gateways so traffic traverses the firewall endpoints, allowing inspection of traffic involving the public IP addresses in both directions.
Question 120
A company has a total of 30 VPCs. Three AWS Regions each contain 10 VPCs. The company has attached the VPCs in each Region to a transit gateway in that Region. The company also has set up inter-Region peering connections between the transit gateways.
The company wants to use AWS Direct Connect to provide access from its on-premises location for only four VPCs across the three Regions. The company has provisioned four Direct Connect connections at two Direct Connect locations.
Which combination of steps will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively? (Choose three.)
A. Create four virtual private gateways. Attach the virtual private gateways to the four VPCs.
B. Create a Direct Connect gateway. Associate the four virtual private gateways with the Direct Connect gateway.
C. Create four transit VIFs on each Direct Connect connection. Associate the transit VIFs with the Direct Connect gateway.
D. Create four transit VIFs on each Direct Connect connection. Associate the transit VIFs with the four virtual private gateways.
E. Create four private VIFs on each Direct Connect connection to the Direct Connect gateway.
F. Create an association between the Direct Connect gateway and the transit gateways.
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A, B, E
Explanation: To provide Direct Connect access to only four VPCs most cost-effectively, connect those VPCs individually through Virtual Private Gateways (VGWs) instead of associating the existing Transit Gateways, which would expose connectivity to many more VPCs unless additional routing controls were configured. Create VGWs for the four target VPCs, create a Direct Connect gateway and associate the VGWs with it, and use private VIFs from the Direct Connect connections to the Direct Connect gateway. Transit VIFs are used with Transit Gateway associations, not VGWs.
Question 121
A company uses Amazon Route 53 for its DNS needs. The company's security team wants to update the DNS infrastructure to provide the most recent security posture.
The security team has configured DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) for the domain. The security team wants a network engineer to explain who is responsible for the rotation of DNSSEC keys.
Which explanation should the network administrator provide to the security team?
A. AWS rotates the zone-signing key (ZSK). The company rotates the key-signing key (KSK).
B. The company rotates the zone-signing key (ZSK) and the key-signing key (KSK).
C. AWS rotates the AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key and the key-signing key (KSK).
D. The company rotates the AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key. AWS rotates the key-signing key (KSK).
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: In Amazon Route 53 DNSSEC signing, Route 53 manages and rotates the zone-signing key (ZSK). The key-signing key (KSK) is backed by a customer-managed asymmetric AWS KMS key, and the customer is responsible for KSK lifecycle management, including rotation.
Question 122
A company has set up a NAT gateway in a single Availability Zone (AZ1) in a VPC (VPC1) to access the internet from Amazon EC2 workloads in the VPC. The EC2 workloads are running in private subnets in three Availability Zones (AZ1, AZ2, AZ3). The route table for each subnet is configured to use the NAT gateway to access the internet.
Recently during an outage, internet access stopped working for the EC2 workloads because of the NAT gateway's unavailability. A network engineer must implement a solution to remove the single point of failure from the architecture and provide built-in redundancy.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
A. Set up two NAT gateways. Place each NAT gateway in a different public subnet in separate Availability Zones (AZ2 and AZ3). Configure a route table for private subnets to route traffic to the virtual IP addresses of the two NAT gateways.
B. Set up two NAT gateways. Place each NAT gateway in a different public subnet in separate Availability Zones (AZ2 and AZ3). Configure a route table to point the AZ2 private subnets to the NAT gateway in AZ2. Configure the same route table to point the AZ3 private subnets to the NAT gateway in AZ3.
C. Create a second VPC (VPC2). Set up two NAT gateways. Place each NAT gateway in a different VPC (VPC1 and VPC2) and in the same Availability Zone (AZ2). Configure a route table in VPC1 to point the AZ2 private subnets to one NAT gateway. Configure a route table in VPC2 to point the AZ2 private subnets to the second NAT gateway.
D. Set up two NAT gateways. Place each NAT gateway in a different public subnet in separate Availability Zones (AZ2 and AZ3). Configure a route table to point the AZ2 private subnets to the NAT gateway in AZ2. Configure a second route table to point the AZ3 private subnets to the NAT gateway in AZ3.
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: A NAT gateway is an Availability Zone–scoped resource, so to eliminate the single point of failure you should deploy a NAT gateway in each AZ that hosts private workloads and have the private subnets in each AZ use the NAT gateway in the same AZ via their route table. Option A is invalid because NAT gateways do not expose virtual IPs for routing. Option B incorrectly describes using one route table with different default routes; a route table cannot have multiple 0.0.0.0/0 routes for different NAT gateways. Option C unnecessarily introduces a second VPC and does not address the design correctly.
Question 123
A company is developing a new application that is deployed in multiple VPCs across multiple AWS Regions. The VPCs are connected through AWS Transit Gateway. The VPCs contain private subnets and public subnets.
All outbound internet traffic in the private subnets must be audited and logged. The company's network engineer plans to use AWS Network Firewall and must ensure that all traffic through Network Firewall is completely logged for auditing and alerting.
How should the network engineer configure Network Firewall logging to meet these requirements?
A. Configure Network Firewall logging in Amazon CloudWatch to capture all alerts. Send the logs to a log group in Amazon CloudWatch Logs.
B. Configure Network Firewall logging in Network Firewall to capture all alerts and flow logs.
C. Configure Network Firewall logging by configuring VPC Flow Logs for the firewall endpoint. Send the logs to a log group in Amazon CloudWatch Logs.
D. Configure Network Firewall logging by configuring AWS CloudTrail to capture data events.
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: AWS Network Firewall supports two primary traffic logging types relevant here: alert logs and flow (traffic) logs. To ensure all traffic traversing the firewall is logged for auditing and alerting, configure Network Firewall logging to capture both alert and flow logs. CloudWatch Logs, S3, or Kinesis Data Firehose can be used as destinations, but the key requirement is enabling both log types in Network Firewall. VPC Flow Logs do not provide Network Firewall alert logs, and CloudTrail records API activity rather than network traffic.
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